Joseph C. R. Licklider :: essays research papers

Joseph C. R. Licklider died when he was 75, on June 26, 1990. His death was caused by a heart attack that followed because of complications from asthma. Licklider was born in St. Louis, Missouri and educated at Washington University and the University of Rochester. There he received his three bachelor's degrees in math, physics, and psychology. Licklider was well liked and had a very good reputation for being very humble, often letting others take credit for his ideas. Licklider humility and good manners were probably part of his mid-western upbringing. Licklider came to Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1950. Previously, he had worked at Harvard University's Psychoacoustics Laboratory, where he discovered that "clipped speech" was 70-90 percent intelligible. Professor Licklider's background was in the psychology of communications, and he played a major role in stimulating linguistics research at MIT while contributing to the study of biological characteristics of communication. Licklider lectured on the neurophysiology of vision and hearing, the perception of speech, and the presentation and absorption of information. J.C.R. Licklider's contribution to the development of the Internet consists of ideas not inventions. He foresaw the need for networked computers with easy user interfaces. His ideas foretold of graphical computing, point-and -click interfaces, digital libraries, e-commerce, online banking, and software that would exist on a network and migrate to wherever it was needed. He has been called, "Computing's Johnny Appleseed," a well-deserved nickname for a man who planted the seeds of computing in the digital age. Licklider planted his symbolic seeds at two very important places. Most importantly, he worked for several years at ARPA, which is Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency, where he set the stage for the creation of the ARPANET. Licklider worked at Bolt Beranek and Newman, the company that supplied the first computers connected on the ARPANET. He did his doctoral work in psychoacoustics. In 1942, he went to work at Harvard's Psychoacoustics Laboratory where he did work for the Air Force to find solutions for the communication problems faced by crewman in noisy bomber aircraft. Joseph Licklider worked on a Cold War project called SAGE designed to create computer-based air defense systems against Soviet Union bombers. Lick became increasingly interested in computing thereafter. Coming to the world of computing from a psychology background gave Lick a unique perspective. Computing at the time consisted mainly of batch-processing operations. Large problems would be outlined in advance and operations coded onto paper punch cards that were then fed into computers in large batches.

Far from the Madding Crowd Essay

As they are speaking to the well-educated and proper Bathsheeba, this is effectively emphasised. When Bathsheeba’s eyes first fall upon the dying flock, Hardy describes the sheep as being ‘helpless’, ‘livid’ and ‘afflicted animals’. These strong words add to the gloom of the scene, and Hardy’s description of Bathsheeba’s ‘sad, bursting heart’ also creates despair. The ailments of the flock are described vividly which makes the whole situation seem much more real: â€Å"Many of them foamed at the mouth, their breathing quick and short, whilst the bodies of all were fearfully distended† In Bathsheeba’s moment of bewilderment, the rustics explain in their characteristic fashion that the only man in the area that could save them was Gabriel Oak. Immediately she protests: â€Å"How dare you name that man in my presence! † This shows that even a day after their argument, Oak is still very fresh on her mind. She rejects the rustics’ idea of Oak and turns to Boldwood for help. This act avoids confrontation and also yet again promotes her authority, this time over her workers. However, she quickly learns from the rustic people that Boldwood does not know the cure and that he sent for Oak when his sheep had the same disorder. Bathsheeba shouts at the workers and tells them to find somebody to cure the flock. This shows that she is too proud and stubborn to send for Oak, and does not want to, as it would show a weakness of her character. â€Å"Never will I send for him-never! ‘ she said firmly† As she witnesses an ewe dying in front of her, she repeats the above but this time wringing her hands. This signifies that she is frustrated; frustrated at herself for being so stubborn and frustrated that the only man who can save her prime flock is the same man she has just fallen out with. Hardy goes on to explain that with Bathsheeba the ‘No, I won’t’ virtually means ‘I think I must. ‘ We have seen this inconsistency in Bathsheeba’s personality in the previous chapter when she declined Oak’s opinion of her conduct at first and then went on to request it. It is a similar circumstance. Bathsheeba is far too stubborn and proud for her own good as it too often makes her life more difficult. However her inconsistency is the sure sign that her quest for power is really a show and that she is a lot weaker and sensitive really, for here she gives in again. â€Å"Laban – Jump on the Bay mare, and ride across, and say he (Oak) must return instantly-that I say so† Bathsheeba’s above statement shows how very conscious she is of looking weak. It is quite clear that she has had a change of heart and decides to do the right thing and get Oak, yet still she must speak in her authoritative manner, seemingly trying to cover up her sensitive, more weak decision. As Laban rides towards where Oak is staying, Hardy names the places and features he passes on the way and on the way back. This is how Hardy conveys more of the area, naming places adds to the reality of the situation, and the reader can feel more involved and stimulated by the events occurring. The list of places also adds length to the passage where Laban rides to get Oak, which in turn adds to the suspense of the situation. On Laban’s return Bathsheeba sees that Oak is not with him, and Laban’s face is described as tragic, a dramatic word, which makes the reader think the worst. Laban explains that Oak would not come unless Bathsheba asked in a civil and proper manner, which annoys Bathsheeba – Oak knows this. As much as Bathsheeba tries to control Oak, it is clear that Oak is in control this time. Her real sensitive and feminine personality is shown as another sheep falls dead and Bathsheeba bursts into tears – another indication that she is not really strong and infinitely stubborn. Bathsheeba admits to her need for control and cover-up stubborn attitude when she murmurs: â€Å"O, it is a wicked cruelty to me-it is-it is! And he drives me to do what I wouldn’t† This refers to her having to talk to Oak, whom she has only just sacked, as if she was politely asking a favour, and it is this sign of weakness that she hates so much. Bathsheeba decides to write Oak a short note, and Hardy conveys that it is heartfelt by describing her sobs and bursts of crying whilst she writes it. At the bottom of the note, driven by the drama of the time she conveys her first open passionate feelings toward Oak: â€Å"Do not desert me, Gabriel! † It is now clear that Bathsheeba does have close feelings towards Oak and is appealing to him right from her heart. The reader is not familiar with this highly feminine and sensitive side to Bathsheeba, which, again, adds to the whole drama of the scene. Oak responds this time, which conveys how strongly her emotional note appealed to the man who is in love with her, and cannot bear the thought of deserting her. Bathsheeba’s feminine charm had worked and she knew it for Hardy clearly states: â€Å"She knew from the look of his face which sentence of her note had brought him† After all of her powerful signs of affection, Bathsheeba still cannot face ceasing her commanding tone. Her first words to Oak: â€Å"O, Gabriel, how could you serve me so unkindly! † The flock is again described as Oak sees it: as turgid, prostrate forms. Hardy uses such striking words to fuel the reader’s suspense. Oak then gets to work, and the method he uses to cure the sheep is described in clear detail, which makes it more realistic. Oak manages to save the flock: â€Å"When the love-led man had ceased from his labours Bathsheeba came and looked him in the face† This line is important because it shows that all the effort Oak had just put in to save over fifty sheep was all driven by his love for Bathsheeba. It also contrasts from the end of the previous chapter because they look at each other, instead of avoiding eye contact, which conveys the romance conjured up by the heroic actions of Oak for the woman he loves, and her realisation of this. The chapter ends with Bathsheeba asking Oak to return to the farm, which he agrees to, and the last line, again contrasting with the previous chapter, conveying how Bathsheeba really feels: â€Å"And she smiled on him again. † Interestingly, the two chapters I have looked at above convey a cycle of the relationship between the two main characters. Everything starts off amicably before a crescendo of cutting comments result in an argument and the sacking of Oak. However, the occurrence of the flock’s disorder makes Bathsheeba realise that she regrets sacking him and that she did it out of anger. After Oak saves the flock Bathsheeba is very grateful and their relationship becomes friendly again. Bathsheeba, as you have seen, is a very strong character and throughout the extract tries hard to control Oak. However, the situation develops, she ends up sacking him and then depending on him. Having noticed this, I also realised that this happens again in the book. At the beginning she rejects him as a husband, but then it is the actions of Oak who put out a serious fire, which begins at her new farm. This can be linked to the above extract: Oak gets rejected and then depended on by Bathsheeba. Similarly – the night that Bathsheeba and her husband, sergeant Troy, celebrate their marriage is the same night that Oak saves the Harvest from a freak storm. Once again, Bathsheeba has denied Oak, but it is he who she depends upon in the end. In a way the whole book is based on the cycle conveyed in this extract. Bathsheeba continually rejects Oak, first for Boldwood, then for Troy. Oak’s continual work on the farm keep it going whilst Bathsheeba’s marriage fails, and she turns to Oak for comfort: depending on him. Oak’s devotion finally pays off in the end though, when eventually he does marry his true love, Bathsheeba Everdene.

My View Of Arranged Marriage - 969 Words

My life has always been full of expectations, whether they are minuscule or immense my parents know that there expectations will be met without any hesitation because I was raised to obey and respect my parents using them essentially as guides to live my life in a positive way averting stress and negativity. In my culture most Pakistani parents think children are often subjected to comply with their parents without a question, although times are changing gradually the same beliefs are still being passed down from generation to generation. In my point of view, the concept of arranged marriage has a lot of importance and value the idea of letting others decide your life partner is wild. The outlook of marrying a stranger or someone that your family doesn’t know seems absurd to many Muslim families, although many people are accustomed by now there are still many in society like my father and grandmother who think of it very adversely. My life has never been tough I have never fac ed enormous struggles in life and neither have I been placed in situations which put me in deep thought. For as long as I remember I have always loved my Father with all of my heart and have always tried to please him weather its academically or just traditional responsibilities a son should complete for his father. Throughout time the bond between me and my father has gotten only stronger and stronger by me making my dad proud to call me his son to me considering myself very lucky considering myShow MoreRelatedMy View Of Arranged Marriage977 Words   |  4 Pages My life has always been full of expectations weather they are small or big my parents know that there expectations will be met without a doubt because I was raised to obey and respect my parents using them basically as guides to live my life in a positive way avoiding stress and negativity. In my culture most Pakistani parents think children are often subjected to obey they parents without a question although times chang ing slowly the same traditions are still being passed down from generationRead MoreArranged Marriage in Modern Indian Culture in Books by Jhumpa Lahiri and Anita Jain1060 Words   |  4 Pages Both Jhumpa Lahiris â€Å"Going Ashore† and Anita Jains â€Å"Is Arranged Marriage Really Any Worse than Craigslist?† discuss the prospects of arranged marriage and the processes involved in it, Lahiri suggests that arranged marriage is the answer to an unstable life, Jains story suggests that arranged marriage and its processes is just as unstable as a typical love marriage. In â€Å"Going Ashore†, the character, Hema, views arranged marriage as an answer to her unfortunate history of past relationshipsRead MoreArranged Marriages : Women For Sale926 Words   |  4 PagesArranged marriages have been known to happen for several centuries. Arranged marriages are a type of marital union where a third party usually the parents of the pride and groom predetermine their martial agreement at a young age rather than each other select their own spouse. Historically, it was a primary way for a spouse to meet her or his future significant other. The traditional purposes of these types of unions were political, military, and social. They were common among the royalty and nobilityRead MoreEssay on Arranged Marriages786 Words   |  4 Pageshear the words arranged marriage? I am sure a happy, respectful, loving relationship was not what popped into your mind. Arrange marriages are a complex subject, and the concept is perceived as a human rights issue where i ndividuals loose the right to freedom of choice. In saying that, my initial opinion of an arranged marriage was not held in high regard. However, after being introduced to someone who is in the process of an arranged marriage; and conducting my own research; my view changed. HenceRead MoreCultural Diversity : The And Words Of A ! Kung Woman And Saheri From Saheri s Choice1197 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: Marriage is described as two people as partners in a personal relationship. There are two typical ideas of marriage that we know today. The first one that comes to mind is the one we all know, based on love, but there is another one that some may not even know of and its arranged marriages. Arranged marriage is not typically in our culture we know but in different cultures arranged marriages are their normal marriage. Throughout this essay, I will discuss the importance of realizingRead MoreDifferent Types Of Arranged Marriages1005 Words   |  5 Pages All of these different types of arranged marriages are still used in today s world. The question asked by most is, why even go through with arranged marriage? Why not say no? Why not run away? Why would you allow your parents to choose who you should be with for the rest of your life? And why not just get a divorce. http://impl.jou.ufl.edu/projects/spring 07/zuffoletti/traditional.html. There are a lot of major things that you have to take into account. Reputation- Not getting marriedRead MoreArranged Marriage : A Choice Essay1161 Words   |  5 PagesComposition 09 April, 2015 Arranged Marriage: A Choice We have always been told to take the path take that will guide us to a better future. We have been asked numerous questions about what are majors will be in college, at what age do we see ourselves settled down and married. I too have been asked, but not the reaction I had expected. This conversation came up when I was talking to a group of friends where I had been asked if I would agree to an arranged marriage, due to my ethnicity. Just as I hadRead MoreArranged Marriage vs Love Marriage1619 Words   |  7 PagesArgumentative Essay Arranged Marriage Vs Love Marriage Marriage is a relationship that bind of a spouse in formal event and registered by law as to declare a husband and wife. Marriage is key to form a family into larger as a basic unit in social system. Marriage also bind of the emotional relationship where both spouse are sharing their life together as to form a family. It is the joining  of two people in a bond that putatively lasts until death,  but unfortunately in a real life is increasinglyRead MoreThe Mango Season By Amelia Malladi1249 Words   |  5 Pagesnews articles I learned that arranged marriage is something that is still common in modern day and age. In this paper we will address arranged marriage portrayed in the book, arranged marriages in the news, how they related to traditional practices and lastly the conflict between the traditional practice and modern day. Arranged marriages are a process not throughly understood by western cultures but greatly encouraged by eastern cultures and religions. Arranged marriages are also often portrayed differentlyRead MoreArranged Marriages Should Not Be Lawful1128 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å" In the name of God, I take you to be my wife/ husband, to have and to hold from this day forward, for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness and in health, to love and to cherish, until we are parted by death. This is my solemn vow.† In an arranged marriage, two complete strangers come together by family, religion, or ethics to become spouses. Stating these meaning packed words, the two vow lives to one another while barely knowing the other. Yet, that is whom the parents have

The Origin of Species - 1246 Words

In 1859, a time when literal interpretation of the Bible was common practice, a book that could potentially debase society’s understanding of what was fact was published and it summarized a theory that humans have slowly evolved from a primitive form, commonly called the Theory of Evolution.(Kennedy Pg.572) The book titled On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life was written by an English naturalist and geologist, Charles Darwin, and it overcame the scientific rejection that earlier similar theories had faced. Leading up to his publication during the Protestant Reformation Darwin went on a five-year-long voyage on the HMS Beagle as company to Captain Robert†¦show more content†¦(Newman, Letter) Another event that led to Darwin’s controversial writing were the discoveries he made from his documentation on his long voyage on the HMS Beagle where he did all of his research and discoveries written about in his book. One of his first discoveries that linked evolution to living creatures left him with more of an inquiry than an answer or discovery. He noted the geographical distribution of the modern species of a fossil he found while ashore resembling a huge armadillo in hopes of finding their â€Å"centre of creation.† ( ) He extensively edited his research and added his findings until the original book was completed and finally published on Thursday, November 24th, 1859 and all copies being sold were immediately bought up by booksellers. During Darwin’s lifetime he published 6 different editions of the book and the one that really shook society what the final writing published February 19th, 1872, the 6th edition titled the Origin of Species (this is wh en the title was shortened from its original length) in which was the only time he used the word ‘evolution’; though, however, every edition concluded with the word ‘evolved’. The most notable change to this newly published edition of Darwin’s book was a chapter 7 titled Miscellaneous objections that addressed any objections that were sure to come from opposition of his Theory of Evolution. The immediate significance of Darwin’s book were tremendous mostly due to hostile reactions to, what seemed toShow MoreRelatedOn the Origin of Species1846 Words   |  8 PagesIn his On the Origin of Species, written in 1859, Charles Darwin clearly explained the gradual progression toward the speciation of organisms with his five main principles: variation, inheritance, competition, selection, and propagation. Darwin hesitated to publish his findings because he understood that his findings were based on the animal kingdom and on an evolutionary process that had to have spanned millennia. He specifically did not think that his discoveries were applicable to the evolutionRead MoreThe Origin Of The Primate Species1880 Words   |  8 PagesThesis Statement: One of the most fiercely debated issues in paleoanthropology points at the origins the primate species. The top two continents that have been very evident in our origins that can be traced to Africa and (Eur)Asia. African origin stresses the multiregional continuity theory it suggests a single origin for modern humans and gives an explanation to the Out-of-Africa model for the patter of our human evolution. The Multiregional Continuity Model states that after Homo erectus left AfricaRead MoreOn The Origin of Species by Charles Darwin915 Words   |  4 PagesHuman evolution has been of interest to people for quite some time. Even though in the publication of On The Origin of Species by Charles Darwin in 1859 human evolution was not specifically mentioned, only that light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history, Darwin did argue for the evolution of new species from older ones (1). Since then, interest in evolution, and especially human evolution, has been growing. An example of one of the first debates about human evolution is the debateRead MoreThe Origin Of Species By Charles Darwin1689 Words   |  7 Pagesmain book where we get out information about evolution is in Origin of Species’ by Charles Darwin. In his book, Darwin introduced the concept of evolution by natural selection. Natural selection is the process in which the organisms which are better suited for their environment. According to Darwin, there are four major points to natural selection. The first point is overproduction, indicating that more offspring survive, meaning the species would survive longer. Then, there s genetic variation. TheRead MoreOn the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin1148 Words   |  5 PagesOn November 24th, 1859, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life by Charles Darwin (renamed On the Origin of Species 13 years later) was published in London, England. In it, Charles Darwin specified his observations and gave his insight on what he thought caused evolution. He called it natural selection. Before this, nearly everyone believed that a single God created every living organism that none of them had changedRead MoreThe Origin Of Species By Charles Darwin868 Words   |  4 PagesPersonify-attributing human character to something inanimate Polymorphic-different forms or types in organisms of the same species. Potent-something of great power or influence. Vigorous-healthy or strong. Volition-choosing or making a decision. B) 1. The text was written by Charles Darwin, who is renowned for his theory of evolution. Besides his book The Origin of Species, he also wrote Voyage of the Beagle and The Descent of Man to name a few. Credence should be given to Charles Darwin for hisRead MoreThe Origins Of Species By Charles Darwin983 Words   |  4 PagesAfter Charles Darwin published the Origins of Species, society began to turn away from religion and towards science to justify slavery and segregation by seeking out physiological and psychological differences between Blacks and Whites (Parks Heard, 2009). Physiologically, some Whites argued that black people were the missing link between apes and humans. Psychologically, others like Frances Galton proposed his theory of eminence, or the notion that certain abilities, many of them psychologicalRead MoreThe Origin Of Species By Charles Darwin898 Words   |  4 Pagesfamous works, and one of his most controversial works as well, was his book titled On the Origin o f Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. Darwin wrote the Origin of Species after an almost five-year voyage aboard the H.M.S. Beagle. While aboard the beagle, Darwin was presented with many facts that appeared to â€Å"shed some light on the origin of species†. Darwin has contributed in many ways to the world of science, specifically the historyRead MoreThe Origin Of Diversity Within Species1361 Words   |  6 Pagesevolution of different species can be known through comparing how closely their genes and body structures were. The more similar those characteristics are, the more closely related those species is. However there is a wide range of diversity between every single species and between every single individual. Diversification allows organisms to occupy different niches in the ecosystem. In this essay, the origin of diversity within species, the origin of diversity between the species, the significance of Read MoreEssay on The Origins Of Our Species1945 Words   |  8 Pagesfits into the ideas of human origin formulated by Frederick Engels more than 100 years ago. quot;There is a grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved.quot; (Charles Darwin, The Origin of the Species, pp. 459-60, Penguin 1985.)

Child Rearing Problems Around Both Detachment And...

child-rearing problems around both detachment and attachment. Children of Holocaust survivors may be assumed to have taken the emotional states and behaviors of their parents. As such, children who are born to traumatized Holocaust survivors would be â€Å"predisposed to PTSD (Kellermann, 264). Other evidence regarding intergenerational transmission of trauma suggests that survivors have been affected to different degrees by trauma and share a psychological syndrome referred to as Concentration Camp Syndrome (Last, 72). Last describes CSS â€Å"as a relatively fixed, lifelong condition characterized by various combinations of a wide range of symptoms that are usually regarded as psychopathological and can be traced to Holocaust experiences. These include lasting depression; anxiety, emotional ability, irritability, and restlessness; nightmares; a sense depletion, of despair and alienation; obsessional ruminations; guilt feelings; failing memory and difficulties in concentration; fa tigue; a a variety of psychosomatic complaints† (Last, 75). While some therapists believe that the concept of second generation is in fact a fallacy, others conclude that it is rather impossible to grow up in a family with Holocaust survivors and not absorb some of the trauma of parents and other family members. PTSD or Post Traumatic Stress Disorder has been used to characterize the trauma of Holocaust and Armenian Genocide survivors. The term is defined â€Å" by autonomic hyperarousal, intrusive recurrence,Show MoreRelatedAttachment Theory and the Kibbutz Society5271 Words   |  21 PagesLiterature review 5 2.1- Attachment Theory 5 2.2- Growing in Kibbutz 8 2.3- Intervention programs 9 2.4- Physical issues 9 2.5- Mothers sensitivity to infant cues 10 2.6- Externalizing and its impact on children 10 Research design 11 Method 11 Findings 11 Emotional unavailability 11 Complication in mother-infant relationship 12 Limitations 12 PART 3 13 3- Historical background 13 PART 4 15 4- Relevance of researched subject 15 4.1- The understanding of child perspective 15 4.2- RelevanceRead MoreThis is an chapter by chapter summary of the book Becoming Attached, did it for extra credit11157 Words   |  45 Pagesneed to have our mother near is the theory that is expressed in chapter one. Chapter one goes through a time line of how we, as humans, came across this theory. The author tends to talk about and describe how as babies the basic need to have mother around is just as important as having food, water, and clean diapers. The author gives examples of children who were adopted after infancy and children whom had to spend significant amounts of time away from their mothers during their infant years had sufferedRead MoreAn Evalution of the Attachment Theory Essay13038 Words   |  53 PagesTHE ATTACHMENT THEORY AN EVALUTION OF THE ATTACHMENT THEORY WHEN WORKING WITH CHILDREN IN CARE Gail Walters Dissertation Social Work BA (HONS) Manchester Metropolitan University Tutor: Pauline Black CONTENTS Pages Abstract Read MoreThe Effects of Working Overseas of Filipino Parents on the Academic Performance of Their Children2774 Words   |  12 PagesTHEIR CHILDREN by Pascual, Kristelle D. March 21, 2012 Introduction As experienced by many Filipino children like me nowadays, separation from one of our parents results to a very great impact in our lives. Unlike any other children with both parents present at home, raising us up needs more effort and careful attention since that there is only one attending parent. The temporary single parent at home must have the ability to handle things very well—from raising children up to the accomplishingRead MoreEriksons Psychosocial Development Theory10839 Words   |  44 PagesEriksons model of psychosocial development is a very significant, highly regarded and meaningful concept. Life is a serious of lessons and challenges which help us to grow. Eriksons wonderful theory helps to tell us why. The theory is helpful for child development, and adults too. For the lite version, heres a quick diagram and summary. Extra details follow the initial overview. For more information than appears on this page, read Eriksons books; he was an award-winning writer and this reviewRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesto be a very coherent unit. The beginnings and ends of what we choose to call centuries are almost invariably years of little significance. But there is little agreement over when the twentieth century c.e. arrived, and there were several points both before the year 2000 (the collapse of the Soviet Union, the reunification of Germany, the surge of globalization from the mid-1990s) and afterward (9/11, or the global recession of 2008) when one could quite plausibly argue that a new era had begun

A Comparison of Research Methods Free Essays

Sociology is the study of human relationships and institutions (UNC, 2013). In order to enrich our understanding of key social processes, sociologists carefully gather and analyze evidence about social life. Most sociological research involves â€Å"field work† that has been designed to most closely represent the characteristics of a population (UNC, 2013). We will write a custom essay sample on A Comparison of Research Methods or any similar topic only for you Order Now This process involves the utilization of a wide variety of research methods. Some of these methods include conducting surveys of large groups, observing people in social settings, deciphering historical data and analyzing videotaped interactions. For purposes of this paper, we are going to take a more in-depth look at two research methods used in sociology. The first research method we will look at is correlation research. A correlation is a relationship between two variables (Cliffsnotes, 2013). They can be behaviors, events, characteristics or attitudes. Correlation research attempts to determine if a relationship exists between two variables and exactly what the degree of that relationship is. A sociologist can use any number of other research methods to determine if a correlation exists. Correlations are either positive (to +1.  0), negative (to -1. 0) or nonexistent (0. 0) (Cliffsnotes, 2013). A positive correlation is one in which the variables either increase or decrease together. A negative correlation on the other hand is one in which the variables go in different directions. If one increases, the other one decreases. If a correlation is nonexistent, no relationship exists between the variables. Correlation data does not indicate a cause and effect relationship (Cliffsnotes, 2013). In other words, one variable does not cause the other; it only indicates that both variables are somehow related to one another. Changes in the value of one variable will reflect changes in the value of the other. The second research method we will analyze is survey research. Survey research usually involves interviewing or administering questionnaires to a large number of people. This can be accomplished in person, by mail or over the telephone. Sociologists are able to customize the questions within the survey to make them pertinent to the study at hand. Once all data has been collected, the sociologist will analyze it to pinpoint similarities, differences and trends. They will then make predictions about the population being studied. One advantage to this type of research is that it allows sociologists to collect data from a large group in a relatively short period. This type of research method is also relatively inexpensive. If conducted by mail, the surveys allow the respondents the convenience of completing them on their own time. The mail surveys are also anonymous, which may provide for responses that are more truthful. Some disadvantages to this type of research method are that the responses may not always be reliable, it can be time consuming to decipher the results, and not all respondents will reply. A1. Philosophical Justifications for Sociological Methods The survey method is one of the best methods of research for gathering large amounts of information quickly and affordably (Jones, 2013). This method allows for a broader scope of study with greater efficiency (Pearson, 2013). Subjects may remain anonymous, which in turn can produce more truthful responses to questions (Jones, 2013). Due to the fact that the sociologist may not be present during some of the surveys, this method helps to eliminate bias in the interpretation of the results (Jones, 2013). This method of research is seen as highly reliable in that the data collected can be easily coded and analyzed (Pearson, 2013). Survey methods are a valuable adjunct to other research methods. They play an important role in confirming more qualitative research. The survey method can help to identify areas that need further research and reveal broad patterns that exist that could otherwise be overlooked by researchers relying solely on qualitative methods (Pearson, 2013). B. Anthropological Research Methods Anthropology comes from the Greek, it literally means â€Å"the study of the human† (Malinowski, 2013). Cultural anthropology is the study of human cultures, their practices, beliefs and values. Anthropologists accomplish these studies through various methods of research. These methods include (but are not limited to) participant observation, cross-cultural comparison, survey research, interviews and historical analysis. In this paper, we are going to take a closer look at two different forms of research used within the field of cultural anthropology. The first method of anthropological research that we will look at is participant observation. Participant observation is an immersion method of research where the researchers immerse themselves into the culture that they are studying. They will live within this society for the duration of the study (Jones, 2013). By doing this, the researcher is able to get first-hand experience through observation and participation in ceremonies, rituals, storytelling, language and meals within these cultures (Jones, 2013). They record their findings through voice recordings, photos, videos and journals. The success of participant observation is reliant upon the particular culture’s acceptance of the investigator into their society (Jones, 2013). The second method of research that we will discuss is cross culture comparison. This method searches for comparable culture patterns amongst multiple societies. Testable hypotheses are utilized to try to establish statistical correlations amongst cultures (Gillies and Kinzer, 2009). This methodology was greatly facilitated via the work of George Peter Murdock. Murdock was an American anthropologist known for his comparative studies. He developed the Human Relations Area Files (HRAF), which is an index that contains many of the world’s known societies (Gillies and Kinzer, 2009). There are two goals within this research method: 1) to describe the distribution and range of cultural variation that exists between the ethnographies recorded, and 2) to test the theories and hypotheses that have been proposed in order to explain the variations amongst cultures (Gillies and Kinzer, 2009). B1. Philosophical Justifications for Anthropological Methods Participant observation allows the researcher to gain an inside look at the inner workings of a culture. By immersing oneself into a culture for an extended period of time, the researcher will gain more knowledge of the society (Jones, 2013). This technique will also produce a greater sense of trust from the members of the culture. This can in turn, provide for information that is more accurate and provide for a more comprehensive ethnography (Jones, 2013). Ethnographies allow people to gain an understanding of a particular culture and the appropriate ways to interact with that culture (Jones, 2013). They also can serve as a historical record of cultures that may be endangered or extinct. Some individuals may see the participant observation method as an invasion of privacy. Researchers however, go to great lengths to ensure that the utmost respect is given to all members of these cultures. Permission from the cultural leaders is always sought out prior to initiation of this type of research (Jones, 2013). C. Compare and Contrast Approaches Sociology is the study of the development, structure, interaction and behavior of organized groups of human beings (Diffen, 2012). Anthropology is the study of human beings and their ancestors through time in terms of physical characteristics, culture, environment and social relations (Diffen, 2012). Sociologists study societies, while anthropologists study cultures. Both of these areas of study use secondary analysis as a research method. They each can utilize the same types of material and information. They even use some of the same methods of gathering this information. The difference between them is in how the information is utilized and reported. Traditionally, sociology studies modern, civilized and complex societies (Bhatt, 2012). Anthropology on the other hand, traditionally studies simple, more primitive, non-literate societies (Bhatt, 2013). Sociology studies both large and small societies while anthropology tends to focus more on smaller societies. When it comes to research styles, anthropology stresses immersion in native life while sociology tends to stress distance from the object of study (Dilipchandra, 2012). Sociology treats data quantitatively while anthropology treats data qualitatively. Sociology emphasized that human behavior can be measured and that that measurement is reliable (Dilipchandra, 2012). Anthropology touts that a large part of human behavior is beyond the realm of measurement (Dilipchandra, 2012). Due to changes in our world, sociology and anthropology are converging (McGraw-Hill, 2013). Sociologists can now be found doing research in developing countries and due to industrialization, anthropologists can be found doing research in industrialized societies (McGraw-Hill, 2013). How to cite A Comparison of Research Methods, Essays

Communication Channels free essay sample

Communication Channels HealthCare Communication Strategies HCS 320/AGHC1008B Adrian S. Arnold, MSM, BSN, RN University of Phoenix, Augusta Campus Team B: Sonya Chishom, Christine LaFauci, Shanta Searles and Natissa Whitehead February 25, 2009 Introduction Communication levels can be similar yet different in hospital settings versus specialty clinic office settings. In both organizations the standard communication channels that are used includes faxing, emails, referrals, telecommunication, and face to face consultation to name some. The business of health care today is a delicate performance of balancing affairs, patients are seeking lower cost and effective communication and the organizations are seeking newer communication technology to maximize the quality of care that are given to the patients and organization. Communication Channels Similarities In the occupation where this writer works we are a large scale hospital, East Central Regional Hospital (ECRH) communication is a vital entity in how we operate daily. The way language is communicated could be a life or death situation because with deal with human beings lively hood. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication Channels or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Telecommunications in the hospital settings are used to communicate between workers to ensure the correct medical terminology and findings are interpreted properly. In specialty clinic telecommunication are used for the same process. Faxing at ECRH are for receiving and transmitting vital medical or policy driven information that are needed to update individuals that are effected by the changes. Team members that work in specialty clinic stated that faxing is where the clinic received and send medical information about patients to other clinic or get the information themselves to proceed with procedures that needs to be performed. Another source of communication channels that ECRH and specialty clinics have are intra and internet. The intranet in both organizations are use to communicate inter-departmental. The internets are used in both organizations to response to outside agencies dealing with returning messages, or obtaining pertinent information that are required. Finally we have face to face consultation are used to related information through meetings that needs to reach a large group of individuals or individuals to ensure information are relayed accurately. Communication Channels Differences How communication levels difference from a large scale hospital versus specialty clinics are in the smaller settings will be on a more personal level with constant and instant communication daily. Whereas a large scale hospital setting you make not have the personal level of communication because the amount of patient care that is required. Large scales hospital gives the quality of care that is require, but you can not spend as much time as a smaller setting clinics can. At ECRH even though email, faxes, telecommunication, and intra and internets are used a longer wait time for response are frequently. Whereas clinics the individual received information back instant or within a couple of days. Depending on what information are needed within the hospital from outside agencies you tends to deal with delays and inconsistencies with information that are acquired. Conclusion Communications within the workplaces are on brink of new era, filled with exciting changes (www. toshibabusiness. com). One era of changes that can make hospital setting and clinics run smoother are the new Tablet PC’s. As health care delivery evolve, it is critically important that technology evolve also (www. toshibabusiness. com). Some benefits of the Tablet PC’s have are single data entries with having a transcript. Patients can be served faster and reduces errors hopefully will save money. Privacy, patient information will be read and written with secure data. Finally clear display of information promotes meaningful medical dialogue and helps patients better understand the condition. Individuals in workplaces can improve communication skills by taking classes and updating themselves on the latest procedures that are going on within the workplace. References Coiera, Enrico, Tombs, Vanessa, and Gosbee. Communication behaviours in a hospital setting: An observational study. February 28, 1998. BMJ 316: pgs 673-676. Retrieved February 20, 2009 Proquest http://wwwbmj. com/cgi/content/abstract/316/7132/673 Tablet PC: Making and Impact in Hospitals and Doctors’ Offices. (2006) Toshiba America Information Systems, Inc. Retrieved February 20, 2009. www. toshibabbusiness. com